Energy-Saving Protocols and Cluster Formation Strategies for Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

In order to overcome energy constraints and extend the lifespan of networks, this article analyses energy-saving techniques specifically designed for use in wireless networks of sensors (WSNs). It introduces the notion of network lifespan in WSNs and highlights the role of energy-saving protocols in attaining long-term operation. Specific solutions presented include the duty cycle approach, optimizing sensor node activity to reduce energy usage during idle times, and routing protocols for effective communication channel selection. This study evaluates the Energy Savings Cluster Formation Algorithms with the Sleep Mode in terms of cluster head selection as well as energy usage. In addition, research is being done on the potential of Medium Access Controller (MAC) protocols to lower energy usage by minimizing collisions and idle listening. Data aggregation solutions are being investigated to reduce duplicate transmissions and preserve energy. The work also looks at energy-efficient scheduling-oriented routing methods, such as static and mobile node-based approaches. Further, it investigates energy-saving strategies in various ad hoc networks to improve energy efficiency in a range of applications. Some of these tactics include transmission power control, topology management, and directional antennas.  Contribution to long-term and effective WSN deployments is the aim of these reviews.