Heat Waves and Climate Change: Evaluating Long-Term Public Health Risks in Urban and Rural Environments

Abstract

Climate change-induced heat waves present escalating public health hazards, particularly in urban and rural settings where vulnerabilities differ markedly. This research endeavors to evaluate the enduring health risks precipitated by heat waves in Bangladesh, considering the dual contexts of urban heat islands and resource limitations in rural areas. Through a mixed-methods approach, this study aims to discern disparities in health outcomes, pinpoint vulnerable demographics, scrutinize existing interventions, forecast future heat wave patterns, and formulate targeted policy recommendations. Quantitative surveys spanning seven districts and qualitative interviews with 65 families delve into the nuanced impacts across diverse regions and demographics. Statistical analyses, such as regression techniques, stratification, and longitudinal assessments, reveal correlations and predict future trends. Geographic information systems bolster spatial analysis, elucidating vulnerable populations and healthcare accessibility. Findings underscore significant urban-rural health disparities, fluctuating vulnerability rates, diverse intervention trends, and varied climate change impacts. For instance, Dhaka consistently exhibits lower urban-rural health disparities (0-11%) compared to Barisal's upward trend (2%-12%) from 2014 to 2024. To mitigate these risks, multifaceted strategies encompass early warnings, public awareness campaigns, resilient infrastructure, healthcare fortification, social support networks, and evidence-based policymaking. By embracing such holistic measures, societies can fortify resilience against escalating heat wave perils, safeguarding public health in both urban and rural landscapes.