Evaluation of Innovative Technologies for Small-Scale Hydroelectric Systems: Future Perspectives

Abstract

The document analyzes emerging technologies for small-scale hydroelectric systems in Ecuador, focusing on their application in rural areas with limited access to electrical grids. The research explores the use of low-flow turbines and hybrid solutions, combining solar and hydraulic energy to optimize the efficiency and sustainability of these systems. The methodology includes expert interviews and field data collection in the Tungurahua province, evaluating key aspects such as technological efficiency, costs, environmental impact, and community acceptance. Regarding the results, several turbines were evaluated, including the Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, and Turgo models, each adapted to specific characteristics of flow and head height in different rivers. The analyzes show that the Pelton turbine is highly efficient in moderate flows and steep gradients, while the Kaplan turbine adapts better to variable flows, increasing stability in fluctuating flow environments. Pumped storage and battery systems complement these technologies by stabilizing energy supply. Additional benefits highlighted by the results include job creation and local infrastructure improvements, which strengthen the community economy. However, technical challenges remain, such as a lack of spare parts and logistical difficulties in mountainous areas. In conclusion, the study recommends strengthening supply chains and improving technical training to overcome these challenges, positioning small-scale hydroelectric systems as a sustainable and viable option for energy development in Ecuador, aligned with the goals of energy transition and sustainable rural development.